Fred j



I available in Patented May 7, 1946 UNITED STAT DRYING OILS AND METHOD FOR THE Fred J. Stark assignors to R. M. Rutledge and PREPARATION THEREOF a and George H. Slack, Peoria, 111., Fred J. Stark, George 11. Black,

Harry A. Hirst, as trustees No Drawing. Application August 30, 1941,

. sena1, 1vo. 409,016 8 Claims. (01. 260-406) The present invention relates to new and improved. drying oils and more particularly to a new and improved process for increasing the drying properties of non-drying, weak or semi drying oils, includin for example, such oils as soy bean oil. corn oil, similar vegetable oils.

One of the objects of the invention is to provide new and improved products which will dry on exposure to the air, with little or no driers being added, to form protective films or coatings.

Another object of the invention is to provide new and improved drying oils which-are useful in the manufacture of paints, varnishes and other protective coatings.

Still another object of the invention is to produce a new and useful soy bean drying oil.

An additional object of the invention is to provide new and improved drying oils which are especially adapted for outside usage.

Another object of the invention is to provide new and improved drying oils which do not tend to discolor or become yellow with age.

Still another object or the invention is to provide new and improved drying oils which, when incorporated into paints, can be applied to wet or greasy surfaces without danger of blistering,

peeling or cracking.

Another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved method for producing products of the character above described. Other objects will appear hereinafter.

cottonseed oil and other These objects are accomplished in accordance with this invention by subjecting oils having nondrying, weak or semi-drying properties, as, for example, soy bean oil, corn oil or cottonseed oil, to halogenation followed by oxidation. The treatment is especially applicable to soy been 011, and the products obtained are characterized by many new and improved properties not heretofore the starting materials.

ent invention is silicon tetrachloride. The nascent oxygen may be supplied by'an oxidizing limited, by the following oxygen,

agent which decomposes gradually to liberate free and {or this purpose excellent'results have been obtained in accordance with the invention by employing benzoyl peroxide.

The invention willbe illustrated, but is not example in which the quantities are stated in parts by weight unless otherwise indicated:

Example fined) were measured into a vessel with an out- In practicing the invention it is preferable to eflect the first step of the process with nascent chlorine, with or without a catalyst and with or without the application of pressure, preferably.

under super-atmospheric pressures. In the sec,- K

cnd step of the process it is preferable to subject the reaction product obtained in the first step oi the process to treatment with nascentoxygen.

The nascent chlorine may be supplied by means of a chlorinating agent which decomposeegradually under the temperature and pressure condi-: tions used in order to liberate free chlorine. The chlorinating agent which has been found to be especially suitable for the purpose of the presside source of heat and a mechanical stirrer. Then live (5) ounces of silicon tetrachloride were added. The vessel was closed and the mixture was subjected to an added pressure of to pounds gauge of carbon dioxide and was heated to a temperature of C. for. six hours with constant stirring.

The pressure on the vessel was then released,

resulting in the expulsion of a considerable amount of hydrogen chloride, and the temperature was allowed to fall to about 50 C. One 1) pound of benzoyl peroxide was added and the vessel was again closed and heated to a';temperature of C. for six hours. During thisheating stage the pressure automatically rises due to the autogenous pressure in the vessel. The pressure wilr'ordinarily rise to about 30 to 40 pounds gauge, although in some cases it has g one as high as 85 pounds. I

After the second heating stage the vessel was opened and the 'reaction product was neutralized by blowing air-therethrqugh for about an hour in order to remove hydrogen chloride and other gases present. The reaction product was then filtered in any suitable type of vessel in order to remove mucilaginous and other byproducts. The filtrate is a clear oil, differing from the original starting material in a number of ways, as follows: In the first place, it dries much more readily. Secondly, it forms clear, transparent, substantially permanent protective films on suriacesj" whereas theoriginal oil has practically no dim-forming properties of a permanent na ture." Thirdly, its wetting properties, in so far as the wetting of a pigment is concerned, appear to be substantially dcreased as compared with the original untreated oil, Fourthly, it is very dinicult to emulsify. Fifthly, paints made from this oil can be applied to wet or greasy surfaces without danger of blisterin peeling or cracking.

' The oil produced in accordance with the fore- Per cent Soy bean drying oil of the above example- 30 Maleic resin (Resinous Products Company)-.. 30 Thinner (naphtha, turpentine or hydrogenated petroleum) 40 The maleic resin is melted by heating it to a temperature of about 150 to 160C. The soy bean drying oil is added and the mixture is cooked for several hours within the range from about 150 to about 200 C. Thereafter the thinner is added and the varnish is ready for use.

A typical paint made with the soy bean drying oil of the above example may be compounded asfollows: 1

Lead carbonate pounds 175 Zinc oxide do 100 Titanium dioxide fi do. 15 Asbestine (a product of Johns Manville Company) pounds 30 Mica do 5 Soy bean drying oil 01' the above example gallons- 19 Soy bean drying oil varnish made as described above gallons 5 Lead, cobalt and manganese driers of a type well known in the paint trade ounces 96 The Asbestine is aluminum silicate.

This will make approximately 30 gallons of an excellent outside Paint which does not tend to darken or turn yellow with age.

It will be understood that the foregoing example of the method or making a new and improved drying oil in accordance with this invention is merely illustrative and that variations and modifications may be made without departing from the invention. The same is true with respect to the typical varnish formula and the typical paint formula.

Although silicon tetrachloride has given especially desirable results, it will be understood which is miscible or soluble in the vegetable oil used as a starting material. Silicon tetrachloride fulfills these requirements. Titanium tetrachloride may also be used but tends to have a discoloring action. Chlorine gas or liquid chlorine may be used but is much more diflicult to employ because of the necessity of iniecting it into the reaction vessel. In carrying out the may also be employed.

It will be observed from the example that the amount of the chlorinating agent required is relatively small; namely, 5 ounces to 20 gallons where silicon tetrachloride is used. Silicon tetrachloride contains approximately 85% of available chlorine. The amount of halogenating agent employed may vary somewhat with diflermay vary rather widely and somewhat smaller amounts may be used, although it appears that excess amounts have no special effect.

The temperature during the halogenation step may vary rather widely but is preferably within the range from room temperature to 100 C. Likewise the time of heating in the first step may vary rather widely, but is preferably within the range of about 4 hours to about 6 hours.

The pressure during the halogenation step but is preferably within the range oi' about 25 pounds to about 75 pounds per square inch above the atmospheric pressure, and pressures as high as 200 pounds and higher have been employe As previously indicated, the maintenance of a used, say up to 5%,

' superatmospheric pressure in the halogenation me upon the quantity step is accomplished by means of an atmosphere of an inert gas such as carbon dioxide. Other inert gases may be used which do not react with the halogen, as, for example, nitrogen, but halogen reactive gases such as hydrogen are to be avoided for reasons which will .be apparent.

In carrying out the halogenation step a catalyst may also be employed, as, for example, a nickel catalyst. An illustration of a suitable catalyst which has been used in accordance with the invention is nickel formate. The use of a catalyst accelerates the reaction, particularly when operating under atmospheric pressures. Good results are obtained, however, under super-atmospheric pressures without a catalyst. It might be mentioned thatthe reaction described in the example was carried out in an iron kettle, which may or may not have some catalytic effect.

In the second' or oxidation. step various types of oxidizing agents may be employed. Benzoyl peroxide is preferred because it has the property of decomposing to liberate free oxygen at temperatures within the range of to C. Other oxidizing agents which may be mentioned are sodium perborate, potassium permanganate and barium peroxide. Care should be taken not to use oxidizing agents containing water. The second step is preferably carried out under substantially anhydrous conditions because it has been found that the presence of substantial quantitles of moisture causes an explosion hazard.

The temperature employed in the second step of the reaction may vary within relatively wide limits depending upon the particular oxidizing agent employed, and is preferably within a range of about 50 to 150 C. The minimum temperature is preferably sufilciently low to prevent the spontaneous decomposition of for example, benzoyl peroxide, and the tem ture is then preferably raised gradually until it is within the range of from 100 to 150 C. However, the temperature may be much higher but the upper limit should be such that there is no substantial amount of char-ring.

The pressure in the second stage may vary within relatively wide limits. Generally speaking no attempt is made to apply an independent pressure during this stage because a substantial pressure is generated by the reaction.

The time of the oxidation may vary dependunder the conditions described in the foregoing example. The oxidation has been carriedout'for as long as 24 hours without any substantial change in the result.

The amount of the oxidizing agent may be varied rather widely. A will be apparent by reference to the example, only a minor proportion of the oxidizing agent is necessary. Good results have been obtained with less than 1% based on the weight of the oil. In the practice of the invention the use of about 0.3% to about 0.7%, which corresponds to about one-half pound to 1 pound of benzoyl peroxide to 20 gallons of soy.

The product may also be neutralized byaddingalkaline substances such as soda ash or the like.

The resultant product has very little odor and in physical appearance somewhat resembles the original untreated oil, although there is a small increase in viscosity. The iodine number of the soy bean product is usually within the range of about 130 to 135, which is about the same iodine number as the original alkali refined soybean oil. However, the product has many other characteristics previously indicated in the example which cause it to differ markedly from the original soy bean oil. One of the very pronounced properties of theproduct, as compared with the original oil, is a very substantial increase in its cohesive and adhesive properties. In. separating the desired product from the residue of mucilaginous and other substances which form during the reaction, it is usually desirable to add a filtering medium, as, for example, Filter-Gel (Johns-Manvil1e).

The invention is not limited to the treatment of soy bean oil but can also be used in treating other Vegetable oils such as corn oil, cottonseed oil, etc. However, the results obtained with soy bean oil have been found particularly advantageous. The soy bean oil employed may be either crude soy bean oil or refined soy bean oil, but the latter is preferable because the products obtained from the crude oil are darker in color and there are more by-products. All oi the drying oil products produced-in accordance with the invention, as well as the starting materials therefor, are unsaturated. It might be mentioned that the mucilaginous by-products obtained as a residue from the filtration are valuable as fuel oils. Drying oils made in accordance with the invention form excellent protective coatings and may be used in all types or industrial paints and varnishes, particularly in outside paints, interior gloss paints, flat coatin paints, semi-gloss paints and industrial paints. Coating compositions made in accordance with the in vention have been employed successfully in painting slaughter so far as the nature of the reaction is concerned.

Having thus described the invention, what we claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. A method of producing a drying oil which comprises chlorinating a soy bean oil by the action of nascent chlorine and then subjecting the reaction product to the action of nascent oxygen.

2. A method of producing a new and improved drying oil which comprises chlorinating a soy bean oil with silicon tetrachloride and then treating the resultant reaction product with an oxidizing agent which decomposes to liberate nascent oxygen.

3. A method of producing a new and improved drying oil from soy bean oil which comprises chlorinating the soy bean oil with a chlorinating agent miscible therewith and which decomposes to liberate nascent lime at temperatures within the range from' about 20 to 100 C., for a period of about 4 to 6 hours under a super-atmospheric pressure of an inert gas, releasing the pressure,

houses, creamerles, breweries and other structures where the ordinary type of paint is entirely unsatisfactory. One feature of paints or other protective coatings prepared in accordance with this invention is that they may be applied in the presence of moisture and dry to a satisfactory protective film without blistering, peeling or cracking. The wall or other structure to be painted may be sprayed with water in advance of the application of a paint made up with a drying oil of the type herein described.

The exact chemical nature of the process involved and the chemical structure of the products are not known at the present time, but inasmuch as hydrogen chloride is formed by the type of chlorination illustrated in the example, it is apparent that there is some displacement of hydrogen irom the original oil molecule. The invention, however, is not limited a to any theory in adding to the reaction mixture an oxidizing agent of the type which decomposes to liberate nascent oxygen under substantially anhydrous conditions, heating the reaction mixture to a temperature within the range from about 100 to 150 C. for about 4 to 6 hours, then neutralizing and filtering the reaction product and removing the filtrate.

4. A method of preparing a new and improved drying oil which comprises treating soy been 011 with about 0.2% of silicon tetrachloride at a temperature within the range from about 20 to about 100 C. for a period from about 4 to 6 hours un-- der a super-atmospheric pressure of carbon dioxide from about 25 pounds to about pounds per square inch, releasing the pressure and allowing the temperature to fall to around 50 C., then adding from about 0.3% to about 0.7% of benzoyl peroxide and heating to a temperature above about C. but below the temperature at which substantial charrlng occurs for a period portion of the product, the resultant oil being characterized by the fact that it dries more readily than the raw or refined soy bean oils, iorms clear transparent substantially permanent films, and may be incorporated into paints which can be applied to wet or greasy surfaces without blistering, peeling or cracking, and which do not tend to yellow with age.

7. A method of producing a new and improved drying oil which comprises chlorinating an unsaturated vegetable oil with silicon tetrachloride and then treating the resultant reaction product with nascent oxygen.

8. A method of producing a new and improved drying oil which comprises chlorinating asoy bean oil with silicon tetrachloride and then treati g the resultant reaction product with benzoyl Certificate of Correction Patent No. 2,399,697, Mayfi, 1946.

t FRED J. STARK ET AL.

It is hereby certified that error appears in the rinted specification of the above numbered patent requiring correction as follows: age 3, second colunm, line 19, for lime read chlorine; and that the said Letters Patent should be read with this correction therein that the same may conform to the record of the case in the Patent Signed and sealed this 1st day of April, 4. D. 1947.

Lrsrn FRATRR,

F 578! Assi ant ommz'ssz'oner of Patents. 

